Apple Watch sensor has racial bias, claims new lawsuit

Plaintiff Alex Morales says he purchased an Apple Watch between 2020 and 2021. He says that he was aware that the device has pulse oximetry features, and believed it did this without regard to skin tone.

"For decades, there have been reports that such devices were significantly less accurate in measuring blood oxygen levels based on skin color," the lawsuit alleges. "The 'real world significance' of this bias lay unaddressed until the middle of the Coronavirus pandemic, which converged with a greater awareness of structural racism which exists in many aspects of society."

The lawsuit also claims that researchers "confirmed the clinical significance of racial bias of pulse oximetry using records of patients taken during and before the pandemic."

As a result, "reliance on pulse oximetry to triage patients and adjust supplemental oxygen levels may place Black patients at increased risk for hypoxemia."

Morales filed the lawsuit on December 24 on behalf of all New York consumers who bought an Apple Watch during the statutes of limitations. He also sued on behalf of residents in Alaska, Arkansas, Idaho, Iowa, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming under those states' consumer fraud laws.

The lawsuit also accuses Apple of breaches of express warranty, fraud, and unjust enrichment, claiming violations of New York General Business Law and State Consumer Fraud Acts.

Apple Watch skin awareness

Apple has not commented on the lawsuit, however in October 2022 it published a white paper that included details about skin tone and the bloody oxygen app. The paper also specifies that the company had tested the app on "many hundreds of participants... [ranging] from ages 19 to 40... split evenly by biological sex, and covering a wide range of skin tones."

"Subject pools included a wide range of skin types and tones to ensure that the sensor platform can accommodate the full range of users and maintain accuracy," says the white paper. "At the wavelengths that Apple Watch uses, melanin is a strong light absorber — particularly in the green and red part of the spectrum — potentially making PPG measurements more difficult in users with darker skin tones."

"To account for this," it continues, "the Apple Watch sensing platform senses the amount of detected light signals, and it automatically adjusts the LED current (and hence the light output), photodiode gain (sensitivity to light), and sampling rate to ensure adequate signal resolution across the range of human skin tones."

Previous issues

The 2022 lawsuit isn't the only complaint the Apple Watch has faced with regard to skin. Back in 2015, users complained that black wrist tattoos interfered with the device's heart sensor.

Apple confirmed the issue in May 2015. "Permanent or temporary changes to your skin, such as some tattoos, can also impact heart rate sensor performance, read an updated support page. "The ink, pattern, and saturation of some tattoos can block light from the sensor, making it difficult to get reliable readings."

Those issues happened before the addition of the blood oxygen sensor, which Apple added to the product line with the Apple Watch Series 6 in 2020.

Apple Sued Over Racial Bias in Heart Rate Monitoring by Mike Wuerthele on Scribd

Updated December 29, 2022, 11:40 ET added additional context.