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Apple's iPhone modem design is three years behind Qualcomm

Apple is trying to make its own 5G modem for the iPhone

Apple intended for the iPhone 15 to use an 5G modem designed in-house, and it has spent billions working to achieve that. Here's why it still has to buy modems from Qualcomm.

Modems are hard. In 2010, Intel spent $1.4 billion to acquire Infineon, whose baseband chips, were used in the cellular features of the iPhone.

In 2019, Intel sold its modem patents to Apple for $1 billion, and got out of that business. Since at least then, Apple has been aiming to make its own modems, and to do so both to save money, and to stop buying from Qualcomm.

For its part, Qualcomm expected Apple to have produced its own modem by 2024. But then in September 2023, Qualcomm announced a deal with Apple that would see it providing modems up to 2026.

According to the Wall Street Journal, the extended delay comes despite Apple spending billions on the project. It is delayed for multiple reasons, ranging from the expected technical challenges, to the presumably unexpected management problems.

"These delays indicate Apple didn't anticipate the complexity of the effort," Serge Willenegger, ex-Qualcomm executive told the publication. "Cellular is a monster."

"Just because Apple builds the best silicon on the planet," said former Apple wireless director Jaydeep Ranade, "it's ridiculous to think that they could also build a modem."

Neither Willenegger nor Ranade have been involved in the project, which Apple has reportedly codenamed Sinope. Former Apple HR executive Chris Deaver told the Wall Street Journal that the project began in 2018.

That's a point when Apple and Qualcomm were taking each other to court over multiple disagreements, though these were settled in 2019.

At that time, Apple executives were divided over whether to partner with Intel, or to design a chip themselves. Reportedly, Ruben Caballero, then a long-standing head of wireless at Apple, wanted to go with Intel.

However, Johny Srouji, senior vice president of hardware technologies, disagreed and wanted Apple to build its own. Caballero left in 2019 and much of his team were placed under Srouji.

Others were split off into the separate hardware engineering group to work on related issues such as antenna design.

According to the Wall Street Journal, this division of engineering work became a problem. Unspecified sources within the project told the publication that one of the senior managers on Srouji's team had no wireless technology background at all.

Other Apple executives lacked experience with wireless, said former project engineers. Consequently they were setting tight and unrealistic deadlines.

Or they did until late 2022 when Apple began testing prototypes. Reportedly, Apple's 5G modem chips were poor enough that they would have made the iPhone's wireless speeds slower than Android.

People said to be familiar with the tests are said to have estimated that Apple is three years behind Qualcomm.

It's possible that the prototypes were an internal-use-only iPhone SE 4, as some models of that were reportedly manufactured for testing purposes. When that was reported, it was expected that a shipping iPhone SE 4 would feature Apple's modem in 2024, but now that appears to be another unrealistic deadline.



35 Comments

avon b7 8046 comments · 20 Years

To the contrary of what some people claimed, it was never going to be easy. Not in software or in hardware.

5G is a huge collection of different standards and technologies falling under one general umbrella. 

A few years ago you could have got away with NSA but now you have to support SA and advances for the immediate future (5.5G) and then be ready for 6G.

Realistically speaking Apple needed to be at the table where the standards themselves are thrashed out. 

Without a seat at those tables you will always be playing catch up to a certain degree. 

They acquired the Intel division plus accumulated patents. You could argue that got them onto the ladder. Climbing it is another story. 

The odds of Apple producing a superior product to anything Huawei, Samsung, Qualcomm, Broadcom can produce are limited simply because those companies have decades of accumulated knowhow and resources.

Perhaps 'good enough' is where they are happy to be at the moment in terms of verticality in manufacturing. I think that's a valid aim but it won't free them of patent agreements. 

Beyond the modem and antenna designs themselves, the whole thing was a result of a massive strategic goof. The spat with Qualcomm. 

When the Intel plan collapsed it really was a Yikes! moment and although we don't know the details of the deal, it's hard to imagine Qualcomm not having the upper hand in negotiations. 

jfabula1 173 comments · 2 Years

Read the story on how huawei got into cellular business. Not from the scratch for sure

tmay 6456 comments · 11 Years

avon b7 said:
To the contrary of what some people claimed, it was never going to be easy. Not in software or in hardware.

5G is a huge collection of different standards and technologies falling under one general umbrella. 

A few years ago you could have got away with NSA but now you have to support SA and advances for the immediate future (5.5G) and then be ready for 6G.

Realistically speaking Apple needed to be at the table where the standards themselves are thrashed out. 

Without a seat at those tables you will always be playing catch up to a certain degree. 

They acquired the Intel division plus accumulated patents. You could argue that got them onto the ladder. Climbing it is another story. 

The odds of Apple producing a superior product to anything Huawei, Samsung, Qualcomm, Broadcom can produce are limited simply because those companies have decades of accumulated knowhow and resources.

Perhaps 'good enough' is where they are happy to be at the moment in terms of verticality in manufacturing. I think that's a valid aim but it won't free them of patent agreements. 

Beyond the modem and antenna designs themselves, the whole thing was a result of a massive strategic goof. The spat with Qualcomm. 

When the Intel plan collapsed it really was a Yikes! moment and although we don't know the details of the deal, it's hard to imagine Qualcomm not having the upper hand in negotiations. 

It's funny, but I would use your exact same argument against Huawei/HiSilicon/SMIC, which are firmly anchored in pushing older Western tech to its limits, five years behind and attempting to break out. Who do you think is going to be more successful in their endeavors? Huawei/HiSilicon/SMIC or Apple?

And while some have lauded Huawei’s HiSilicon chip design business for beating Apple to the punch with the apparent development of its own 5G modem in China’s Mate 60 Pro, lab tests show that Huawei’s chips consume more power than competitors’ and cause the phone “to heat up” which is bad for performance.

So yeah, modems are hard.

Apple’s custom modem work continues, and Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman suggests we’ll likely see them gradually roll out before the current Qualcomm deal expires in 2026.


Qualcomm may have had the "upper hand" in negotiations, and has recently seen a reprieve, but it in fact Apple that was visionary enough to add long term options to the agreement, just in case.  Should Apple deliver their own modem by 2026, or even later, it is due to Apple being able to generate enough revenue and profits to more than afford that considerable R&D effort. 

You know, the same company that set the bar for smartphones some 16 years ago, which nobody saw coming.

https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/06/29/12-years-of-iphone-why-apples-first-smartphone-was-far-from-a-guaranteed-success

avon b7 8046 comments · 20 Years

tmay said:
avon b7 said:
To the contrary of what some people claimed, it was never going to be easy. Not in software or in hardware.

5G is a huge collection of different standards and technologies falling under one general umbrella. 

A few years ago you could have got away with NSA but now you have to support SA and advances for the immediate future (5.5G) and then be ready for 6G.

Realistically speaking Apple needed to be at the table where the standards themselves are thrashed out. 

Without a seat at those tables you will always be playing catch up to a certain degree. 

They acquired the Intel division plus accumulated patents. You could argue that got them onto the ladder. Climbing it is another story. 

The odds of Apple producing a superior product to anything Huawei, Samsung, Qualcomm, Broadcom can produce are limited simply because those companies have decades of accumulated knowhow and resources.

Perhaps 'good enough' is where they are happy to be at the moment in terms of verticality in manufacturing. I think that's a valid aim but it won't free them of patent agreements. 

Beyond the modem and antenna designs themselves, the whole thing was a result of a massive strategic goof. The spat with Qualcomm. 

When the Intel plan collapsed it really was a Yikes! moment and although we don't know the details of the deal, it's hard to imagine Qualcomm not having the upper hand in negotiations. 
It's funny, but I would use your exact same argument against Huawei/HiSilicon/SMIC, which are firmly anchored in pushing older Western tech to its limits, five years behind and attempting to break out. Who do you think is going to be more successful in their endeavors? Huawei/HiSilicon/SMIC or Apple?

And while some have lauded Huawei’s HiSilicon chip design business for beating Apple to the punch with the apparent development of its own 5G modem in China’s Mate 60 Pro, lab tests show that Huawei’s chips consume more power than competitors’ and cause the phone “to heat up” which is bad for performance.

So yeah, modems are hard.

Apple’s custom modem work continues, and Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman suggests we’ll likely see them gradually roll out before the current Qualcomm deal expires in 2026.


Qualcomm may have had the "upper hand" in negotiations, and has recently seen a reprieve, but it in fact Apple that was visionary enough to add long term options to the agreement, just in case.  Should Apple deliver their own modem by 2026, or even later, it is due to Apple being able to generate enough revenue and profits to more than afford that considerable R&D effort. 

You know, the same company that set the bar for smartphones some 16 years ago, which nobody saw coming.

https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/06/29/12-years-of-iphone-why-apples-first-smartphone-was-far-from-a-guaranteed-success

First point: Huawei (and by a wide margin). Designing a modem and manufacturing the design are two different things and five years is a world away in technology. 

Second point: if 'visionary' were even applicable, they would never have found themselves in this predicament in the first place. It was more a case of not having any more cards to play. To Qualcomm it just means one less competitor (and even that term is a stretch) and much more money.

Older western tech? 

I hope you realise that NearLink devices are now shipping. LOL!

https://techjaja.com/huawei-nearlink-wireless-revolution/

avon b7 8046 comments · 20 Years

jfabula1 said:
Read the story on how huawei got into cellular business. Not from the scratch for sure

Your point makes no sense. Apple bought its way in through a million dollar purchase. 

The real issue is what I outlined in my post. Apple will never reach the top players until it finds a seat on the standards committees which shape the future.